Data in Brief

Tunicates are a sister lineage to vertebrates, with compact, relatively simple nervous systems featuring a single central ganglion, reflecting a minimal complement of chordate functional architecture. Although glutamatergic neurons are the most abundant population in vertebrates, their ancestry remains unclear. Here, we used glutamate immunohistochemical labeling (Glutamate IR) to identify glutamatergic elements in the neural system of the pelagic tunicate Doliolum sp. (Thaliacea). Glutamate IR was observed in all major nerves of the central ganglion, including motor-like terminals on the circular bundles of swim muscles, which were themselves labeled. However, the neuronal somata in the central ganglion were not labeled, suggesting glutamate accumulation in axonal processes and terminals. In contrast, we did not identify GABA-containing neural elements. This study suggests that glutamatergic systems were elaborated in the common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates, although the functional role of glutamate and its role in muscular control need further investigation in these pelagic tunicates.

BackgroundMalaria control is increasingly challenged by the urban-adapted vector Anopheles stephensi, yet molecular and cellular tools for this species remain scarce, restricting functional genomic studies and the development of genetic control strategies. To help address this gap, we established a new embryo-derived Anopheles stephensi cell line. ResultsWe generated and characterised a novel embryo-derived Anopheles stephensi (SDA-500) cell line capable of sustained growth in vitro. Species identity was confirmed by mitochondrial COI barcoding, and karyotypic analysis revealed a diploid chromosome complement with the presence of a Y chromosome, confirming that at least some cells are of male origin. Transfection conditions were optimized, with TransIT-PRO showing higher efficiency than Lipofectamine-based reagents. Using a dual-luciferase reporter assay, of several promoters tested the Anopheles gambiae polyubiquitin promoter exhibited the strongest and most consistent transcriptional activity in SDA-500 cells. ConclusionsThe SDA-500 cell line provides a stable and genetically validated in vitro platform that supports efficient transgene expression. This resource provides a useful system for functional genomics and molecular manipulation in Anopheles stephensi and is expected to facilitate studies of mosquito biology and contribute to the development of novel malaria control strategies.

Extraocular motoneurons are the final neuronal relay implicated in gaze motor control and are known to be subdivided in functional subgroups, differently implicated in ocular motion dynamics. However, the maturation of these functional populations of extraocular motoneurons, in relation with the development of gaze-stabilizing reflexes remains largely unexplored. In amphibian tadpoles, the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) appears later than other visuo-vestibular ocular reflexes and matures until the metamorphosis climax. Two types of Abducens motoneurons have been described to participate to the angular VOR in larval frog: spontaneous motor units, exhibiting a robust resting activity and silent motor units recruited only during head motion. The aim of this study was to investigate the maturation of these two types of Abducens motor units in relation with the development of the angular VOR by evaluating their discharge dynamic in response to head rotation in semi-intact preparations of larval Xenopus laevis. During larval life, the discharge modulation during sinusoidal head rotations increases significantly for silent units only, demonstrating a better sensitivity of this Abducens motoneuron sub-population to horizontal semicircular canal activation. In addition, this functional maturation was accompanied by an increase of the myelination in the lateral rectus motor nerve, promoting a faster conductivity in late larval stages than in early one. These findings showed that the development of the angular VOR is supported by a selective maturation of extraocular motoneurons subpopulations, specifically implicated in the improvement of the ocular kinematic during the reflex.

Background: Shotgun metagenomic pipelines routinely discard host-derived reads, which can exceed 90% of reads in low-biomass clinical samples. Whether these reads support mitochondrial heteroplasmy detection, and at what allele fraction, has not been established. Methods: Shotgun metagenomic data from 47 upper respiratory tract swabs from healthy adults in Nagpur, India, were analysed. Human Reads were recruited against the rCRS and realigned competitively to GRCh38 to remove nuclear mitochondrial segments (NUMTs). Kraken2 was used as a microbial control. Heteroplasmy was called against a pooled, substitution-specific beta-binomial error model and a leave-one-out panel of normals. The detection limit was evaluated from the substitution spectrum against gnomAD v3.1. Results: Complete mitochondrial genomes were recovered from all samples (mean depth 433X, range 9-3,029X). Competitive realignment relocated 3.22% of recruited reads to nuclear loci; microbial cross-mapping removed 0.045%. Error rates varied 12.8-fold across substitution classes, with T>A being the highest. The 134 calls had a Ti/Tv of 0.43, compared with 3.51 in gnomAD, and T>A accounted for 42.5% of calls. T>A allele fractions never exceeded 4.72%, whereas transitions reached 90.81%. At a 5% threshold, T>A calls disappeared, and Ti/Tv rose to 2.20 before plateauing; 16 calls exceeded this limit. Macrohaplogroups were assigned in 46 of 47 samples (M 22, R 23, N 1). Conclusions: Metagenomic host reads support complete mitochondrial recovery, haplogroup typing, and heteroplasmy detection for allele fractions > 5%. Below this, a T>A-dominated error process persists after NUMT removal that background-fitted models do not capture.

Electroencephalography (EEG) preprocessing determines signal quality and interpretation, particularly for transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with EEG (TMS-EEG), where recordings are affected by large and complex stimulation-related artifacts. Several preprocessing approaches have been developed, but substantial variability remains in how pipelines are implemented, documented, and evaluated across recordings, limiting reproducibility and comparability across studies. We developed NESTApp, a MATLAB-based graphical interface built on EEGLAB, to provide an accessible and reproducible framework for implementing and evaluating TMS-EEG preprocessing pipelines. Rather than prescribing a specific pipeline, NESTApp allows users to construct and consistently apply customisable workflows incorporating established EEGLAB and TMS-EEG processing tools, while automatically documenting processing decisions and parameters. Integrated quality-control procedures track data removal and flag recordings based on user-defined criteria, facilitating systematic evaluation across participants. The application also supports group-level visualisation and export of processed TMS-EEG measures for subsequent analyses. Applied to 29 recordings from 16 participants, NESTApp processed 27 and identified those requiring further inspection. By integrating pipeline implementation, documentation, quality control, and group-level evaluation within a single interface, NESTApp provides a transparent framework for TMS-EEG preprocessing that may improve reproducibility, facilitate consistent processing across cohorts, and lower technical barriers to the implementation of established preprocessing approaches.

Hydrozoa is a group of relatively simple animals with a well-developed nervous system. The nervous system in all hydrozoan medusae is highly conserved and includes outer and inner nerve rings at the bell margin, a neural network in the manubrium, and radial neural pathways that connect them. However, one element of the nervous system shows substantial variability among species: the subumbrella neural network. We examined the structure of the nervous and muscular systems in the subumbrella of 14 species of hydrozoan medusae. The main conclusion of this study is that the distribution of neural networks in the subumbrella strongly correlates with the distribution of smooth radial muscles. This correlation suggests that smooth radial muscles are the primary target of the subumbrella nervous system. Most species in the order Anthoathecata show a trend toward secondary loss of the neural networks and radial smooth muscle fibers in the subumbrella region, concentrating neural elements and smooth muscles only in the radial pathways along the radial canals. By contrast, all studied species in the order Leptothecata have neural networks in the subumbrella area, as well as radial smooth muscle fibers spread throughout the entire subumbrella region. The correlation between radial smooth muscles and the nervous system is also observed in the radial pathways along the radial canals. All species with thick bundles of smooth radial muscles along the radial canals have clearly defined, dense neural pathways running along or even embedded within the smooth muscle bundles.

Understanding how animals respond to their physical environment requires environmental observations at the scale at which behavioural decisions are made. For soaring birds, the coarse resolution of weather products has long hindered the analysis of their behavioural response to fine-scale atmospheric dynamics, forcing uplift sources to be inferred largely from behaviour itself. Here, we combined high-resolution movement data from 24 golden eagles with the kilometre-scale COSMO weather model. We first classified thermal, orographic, and gravity-wave uplifts using independent atmospheric predictors and then quantified the birds' use of each uplift type and their fine-scale behavioural responses. Eagles relied predominantly on thermals, but opportunistically adjusted their use of uplift sources seasonally. The birds' flight behaviour could not reliably indicate which uplift type was primarily used, and thus suggests that both atmospheric processes and behavioural responses are better described as continua than discrete categories. Finally, we compared vertical wind velocities derived from eagles soaring behaviour with those modelled by the COSMO weather model, showing that most of the thermals exploited by eagles remain unresolved at kilometre-scale model resolution. Our results demonstrate how high-resolution weather models provide new insights into bird movement decisions, while also highlighting the potential of soaring birds as biologically embedded atmospheric sensors that could help closing the resolution gap in atmospheric models.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to human disease and population variation, yet most genomic biobanks do not provide standardized mtDNA variant datasets despite abundant mitochondrial sequencing reads in existing whole exome and whole-genome sequencing data. We developed a scalable framework based on the Mitoverse mtDNA Server 2 Fusion workflow to generate harmonized, analysis-ready mtDNA resources across diverse biobank infrastructures. The framework was implemented in the Mount Sinai Million Health Discoveries Program (54,151 participants) using the native Nextflow workflow and adapted for the All of Us Research Program (197,361 participants) using a custom cloud implementation that preserved the same analytical strategy. Across 251,512 participants, the framework generated standardized mtDNA datasets containing 12.9 million variant observations suitable for downstream genomic and electronic health record linked analyses. This framework enables reproducible, population-scale mitochondrial genomics across institutional and national biobanks without requiring additional sequencing or development of new variant calling methods.

OXA-48-like {beta}-lactamases, such as OXA-163, OXA-181, OXA-405, OXA-505, among others, are class D carbapenem-hydrolyzing enzymes increasingly reported worldwide, yet some variants remain poorly characterized at the phenotypic levels. Here, we report OXA-439, a variant of OXA-163, in a producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in Uruguay, recovered from a catheter-associated urinary tract infection with discordant routine susceptibility results. The specific contribution of OXA-439, bla-OXA-48, bla-OXA-163, and bla-OXA-439 were cloned into pET24a vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and their activity was evaluated by MIC microdilution against a panel of penicillins, ESCs, carbapenems, and {beta}-lactam/{beta}-lactamase inhibitor combinations. OXA-439 exhibited a substrate profile highly similar to OXA-163 conferring resistance to piperacillin and third-generation cephalosporins while remaining susceptible to carbapenems but with globally reduced MIC values and a complete loss of activity toward amoxicillin and clavulanate. These data suggest that the Y123H substitution, located near the catalytic Ser70/Lys73 region, subtly perturbs the active-site environment and decreases penicillinase efficiency.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent chronic disorder where dietary modifications, particularly reducing spicy foods, are a primary management strategy. Salsa, a widely consumed condiment whose spiciness comes from capsaicin, lacks standardized heat labelling, potentially leading to inconsistent capsaicin exposure for consumers. To address this, our study aimed to develop and apply an LC-MS workflow for accurate capsaicin quantification in commercially available salsas. This approach seeks to provide objective "reflux-conscious" spice classification, supporting evidence-based dietary recommendations for individuals with GERD. In the eight commercial brands we examined, we found that products labelled "mild" had significantly lower capsaicin levels as compared to "medium" or "hot", but that there was an almost 15-fold range of capsaicin within this group. Surprisingly, there was no statistical difference in capsaicin content between those groups labelled "medium" or "hot" facilitating unambiguous assignment to either category, revealing that product labelling alone is insufficient to guide consumers seeking to control capsaicin exposure in their food. The results in this study enable improved brand-specific recommendations for GERD symptom management.

Motivation: With the scaling frequency and intensity of extreme heat events across the globe, it is critical for public institutions to develop early detection systems and continuous monitoring of these events and their impacts. In Brazil, Rio de Janeiro was the first city to publish its heat protocol, with the Rio Heat Dashboard as a central component of this system. Implementation: The dashboard was implemented using R/Shiny and integrates climatic and health data from multiple sources. General features: The application comprises real-time heat exposure monitoring and automatic alert level classification, which is monitored daily by multiple municipal actors and supports activation of actions specified in the heat protocol. It also features a health impact module, which lists each heat event and its impact on mortality, and primary care and emergency visits. Availability: The source for full reproducibility is available through https://github.com/joaohmorais/RioHeatDashboard.

Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is highly endemic in several African countries with high mortality rate among pregnant women. The prevalence of HEV in Niger among pregnant women is unknown. We hereby aim to report the prevalence and risk factors of HEV among pregnant women in Niamey, Niger. Methods: Blood samples were collected from pregnant women attending antenatal consultation in three selected Health centers in Niamey. Data were collected for socio demographic characteristics using a structured questionnaire. Samples were tested using ELISA and qRT-PCR for anti- HEV IgM and RNA detection respectively. HEV associated risk factors were determined using multivariate logistic regression models. Results: A total of 491 pregnant women were enrolled with mean age of 26.5 years. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgM antibodies was 17.1%, while HEV RNA was detected in 3.46% of participants, indicating recent and active HEV infection. Anti-HEV IgM seropositivity was more frequent among women aged 26-30 years and those in the third trimester of pregnancy. Gravidity was significantly associated with HEV RNA positivity (p = 0.032). In multivariable analysis, the use of well water was independently associated with HEV infection (aOR = 75.70; 95% CI: 1.23-4643.20; p = 0.039). Conclusion: In view of the high seroprevalence of HEV among pregnant women, preventive measures including hygiene sensitization should be prioritized. Further studies should be conducted to assess the real impact of HEV infection on maternal and fetal health.

ABSTRACT Background: Poliomyelitis remains a major public health concern where population immunity is incomplete and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) persists. Although Nigeria interrupted wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission in 2020, cVDPV cases continue to pose challenges, particularly in parts of northern Nigeria. Modern control strategies require a synergy of routine immunization, supplementary campaigns, disease surveillance, and community trust. Methods: This multicentre descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated community knowledge and attitudes towards polio immunization across 37 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in 20 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). A multistage sampling strategy was utilized to select 1,850 adult respondents (50 per LGA) spanning rural, semi-urban, and urban settlements. Results: Overall, 40.4% (n = 747) of respondents demonstrated good knowledge, while 58.4% (n = 1,080) displayed positive attitudes towards polio immunization. A striking disparity was observed across residence classifications: respondents in urban/semi-urban LGAs exhibited significantly higher levels of good knowledge (51.7%, 569/1,100) compared to those in rural LGAs (23.7%, 178/750; {chi} = 144.00, df = 1, p < 0.001). Main sources of information were Questionnaire responses (53.6%) and community and Traditional leaders(17.2%). Conclusion & Recommendations: Substantial knowledge deficits persist in rural northern Nigerian communities despite generally favorable attitudes. Interventions must prioritize localized risk communication, involvement of traditional/religious leaders, strengthening routine primary healthcare integration, and targeting zero-dose children in hard-to-reach areas. Keywords: Poliomyelitis, Oral Polio Vaccine, Vaccine Hesitancy, Northern Nigeria, Community Health, Routine Immunization.

Creating high-resolution maps of disease risk is important for many climatically-driven diseases including vector-borne, zoonotic and non-communicable diseases. However, disease counts are commonly only available aggregated to an administrative level such as the county, department or province. Using disease mapping to make high-resolution risk maps from these data can be challenging, even though high-resolution data on temperature and other environmental variables are available. Disaggregation regression is a new multiscale modelling framework that has been used in mapping global malaria incidence and dengue incidence, amongst others. We present Disagapp (https://github.com/simon-smart88/disagapp; https://disagapp.le.ac.uk/) a web app for disease mapping with administrative-level data. The app was designed to be user-friendly, with a point and click interface and with modelling guidance integrated at each step of the analysis. It can be accessed online or run locally by installing the R package and calling one function. Environmental and economic covariates (temperature, precipitation, distance to water, land use, population density, accessibility and night lights) are seamlessly retrieved from various sources, collated and harmonised and used to fit disaggregation regression models using the disaggregation R package. This modelling framework is a principled way to create high-resolution predictions of disease risk. Analyses conducted in the app can be reproduced outside of the app by generating an R markdown document, allowing the user to share, preserve, extend or learn from their analysis. By making the techniques available in the disaggregation package available online and making it simple and easy to access covariates, we remove barriers for non- or novice R users or analysts who work in institutions with restrictive installation permissions to access these innovations. Therefore, this new app makes this important modelling framework much more available to the global modelling community.

Glaucoma is an irreversible blinding disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), regulated by the trabecular meshwork (TM) in the anterior eye, is the only modifiable risk factor. Human TM cells can be cultured from donor eyes, providing a precious resource for studying factors that induce or prevent glaucoma. The goal of this study was to produce datasets that define the molecular profile of human non-glaucomatous TM cells. Using 18 human TM cell strains cultured from non-glaucomatous individuals deposited from seven laboratories in the USA and UK, this study used transcriptomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic analyses to characterize the molecular content of TM cells. The data herein provides the most comprehensive multiomic analyses of human TM cells to date and will be a useful resource for researchers and clinicians in the TM and glaucoma fields.

BACKGROUND: Pesticides are extensively used in agriculture, raising concerns about their potential impact on human health through dietary and environmental exposure. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of ten commonly used pesticides and their mixtures (lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, tebuconazole, glyphosate, acetamiprid, cyprodinil, piperonyl butoxide, fluopyram, and imazalil) on human intestinal Caco-2 cells. METHODS: Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay, as a measure of metabolic activity, and the trypan blue exclusion test, as an indicator of cell membrane integrity. FINDINGS: Results showed that high concentrations (100 mg/L) of all pesticides significantly reduced cell viability and vitality. Notably, glyphosate and tebuconazole exhibited significant toxicity even at lower concentrations, respectively 0.1 mg/L and 10 mg/L. Combination treatments (Top 3 and Top 8 pesticide mixtures) retained the cytotoxic effects observed for individual compounds, showing additive (non-synergistic) effects. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings indicate that certain pesticides-based herbicides can exert cytotoxic effects on intestinal cells even at relatively low concentrations and highlight the importance of using the component-based approach in mixture risk assessment for humans. This study was performed as part of the EU SPRINT (Sustainable Plant Protection Transition: A Global Health Approach) project.

Background: Growing evidence links ambient air pollution, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3), to adverse effects on sleep. However, most prior research has relied on chronic exposure metrics and subjective sleep assessments, obscuring short-term dynamics and limiting physiological precision. To address these gaps, we examined associations of same-day and previous-day pollutant levels with both self-reported and device-measured sleep, using an ecologically valid design. Methods: Data were derived from the Budapest Sleep, Traits and Experiences Study, a 7-day observational study in which participants reported their daily activities and sleep quality ratings, and recorded EEG during sleep. Device-measured sleep outcomes included sleep efficiency, %REM sleep, sleep onset latency, and total sleep time. Daytime outdoor concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 were aggregated from monitoring stations. Linear mixed-effects models with a random intercept for participant were employed to evaluate associations between each pollutant and sleep outcome, being adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, education, weekday, season, temperature, physical activity, screen exposure, and traveling. Results: The analysis revealed that elevated O3 exposure on day 1 was associated with lower sleep efficiency and poorer perceived sleep quality on night 2. These findings survived correction for multiple comparisons, and held across multi-pollutant models and sensitivity analyses accounting for depression, insomnia, and chronotype. Notably, no robust day-to-night associations emerged for any pollutant. Conclusions: Overall, this study demonstrates a short-term relationship between outdoor ozone concentration and reduced sleep quality, even at levels deemed safe by current standards, which highlights the need for continued vigilance and regulations to protect health.

Pesticide use is ubiquitous. While pesticide resistance in target species such as insects is a well-known phenomenon, it is less known how pesticide exposures affect the genetics of non-target species. Here, we demonstrate the research value of integrating existing datasets to study the relationship between chemicals and biodiversity from the genetics perspective by analyzing spatial pesticide concentration data and genetic data from Europe that were not initially generated for toxicological purposes. Specifically, we found associations between environmental pesticide concentrations and genetic variation (i.e., single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) in a non-target species, the wild boar. Gene Ontology (GO) terms and biological signaling pathways related to nervous system function were overrepresented for the impacted genes, especially for insecticides and fungicides. Further, we found that external studies characterizing the molecular mechanisms of these pesticides revealed the same pesticide - GO relationships as those observed in our analysis. Our results show that pesticide-induced genetic changes may not be constrained to target species but may also have an impact on the long-term viability of other wildlife populations. We therefore encourage further research into this area and collaboration across disciplines to develop more comprehensive designated datasets for such analyses. This finding also urges the consideration and inclusion of chemical exposure into conservation protection strategies and greater consideration of genetic impacts from chemicals in environmental risk assessment.

The tigecycline resistance gene tet(X4) is prevalent in Enterobacteriaceae, particularly in Escherichia coli. To our knowledge, no study has reported the dissemination dynamics of tet(X4) in Vibrio spp. Herein, we isolated and characterized a first tet(X4)-positive non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae isolate from retail pork. Genomic sequencing identified a novel tet(X4) variant in the V. cholerae chromosome, harboring a G568A nucleotide substitution that resulted in an Ala190Thr (A190T) amino acid substitution in Tet(X4). While this Tet(X4)-A190T variant conferred lower phenotypic resistance to tetracyclines (including tigecycline) than the wild-type Tet(X4), its overall catalytic efficiency against these antibiotics was paradoxically enhanced despite a reduced substrate affinity. Genomic comparisons revealed that two copies of ISCR2 flanked the variant gene, and the structure was ISCR2-hp-hp-abh-tet(X4)G568A -ISCR2, which is highly homologous to the reported E. coli plasmids carrying tet(X4). In addition, it confirmed the presence of an ISCR2-mediated circular intermediate, proving this modules capacity for horizontal transfer of the tet(X4)G568A variant. Furthermore, the ISCR2-tet(X4) genetic structure carrying the G568A substitution was integrated within a chimeric SXT/R391-like integrative and conjugative element (ICE), which is also serving as a vehicle for genetic dissemination. As per our knowledge, this is the first report on the emergence of SXT/R391-like ICE carrying tet(X4) in Vibrio strains. Our finding demonstrates that the clinically relevant tigecycline resistance gene tet(X4), previously confined mainly to Enterobacterales from humans and livestock, is now actively spreading into environmental Vibrio populations. This cross-species transfer highlights a previously underappreciated ecological and public health concern in aquatic ecosystems. ImportanceTigecycline serves as a vital last-resort antibiotic against severe multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, but its clinical efficacy is currently threatened by the rapid global dissemination of resistance genes like tet(X4). While land-based agriculture is a well-recognized reservoir for these genes, the role of aquatic ecosystems and environmental pathogens, such as V. cholerae, in harboring tet(X) determinants remains largely unexplored. In this study, we characterize a non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae isolate from retail pork that harbors a naturally occurring, chromosomally integrated tet(X4)G568A variant. This novel variant exhibits elevated catalytic efficiency against tetracycline antibiotics. The tet(X4)G568A allele is embedded in a highly conserved structural module (ISCR2-tet(X4)-abh-hp-hp-ISCR2) flanked by two ISCR2 repeats, which is integrated into an SXT/R391-like ICE at the chromosomal prfC locus. These findings provide the first high-confidence genomic evidence of tet(X4) in V. cholerae, highlighting aquatic Vibrio species as critical environmental reservoirs for clinically significant antimicrobial resistance genes and emphasizing the urgent need for continuous genomic surveillance.

Aquaporin-10 (AQP10) is an aquaglyceroporin that transports small, uncharged molecules, such as water and glycerol. In some species, such as mice and cattle, the AQP10 gene (Aqp10) is pseudogenized. In rodents, pseudogenization of Aqp10 is limited to the Myomorpha suborder, while Aqp10 remains intact in other rodent lineages. The order Cetartiodactyla encompasses diverse species, including Suina, Tylopoda, Ruminantia, and Whippomorpha. The distribution of intact Aqp10 across the entire Cetartiodactyla and analyses estimating the timing of Aqp10 pseudogenization have not been sufficiently investigated. In this study, we identified species within Cetartiodactyla that retain intact Aqp10 and analyzed the detailed patterns of pseudogenization to elucidate the specifics of pseudogenization within this order. We collected Aqp10 loci by BLAST and synteny analyses of publicly available genome databases of 51 cetartiodactyl species from 17 families. Dot plot and alignment analyses revealed that seudogenization of Aqp10 occurred in 42 Cetartiodactyla species, including the Camelidae, warthog (Suidae), Antilocapridae, okapi (Giraffidae), Cervidae, Bovidae, Hippopotamidae, and Cetacea. In contrast, nine species retained an intact Aqp10: pig and babirusa (Suidae), peccary (Tayassuidae), mouse deeres (Tragulidae), giraffes (Giraffidae), and musk deers (Moschidae). The timing of pseudogenization was estimated by comparing patterns of exon deletions, frameshifts, and nonsense mutations in Aqp10 pseudogenes. RT-PCR analysis of cattle and sheep tissues revealed that these species express Aqp3 and Aqp7 in their intestines, but not Aqp10. Collectively, these findings indicate that Aqp10 pseudogenization occurred independently in multiple cetartiodactyl lineages and provide new insights into the evolutionary history of Aqp10 loss within this order.